eph receptor การใช้

• Since ephrin ligands ( ephrins ) and Eph receptors ( Ephs ) are both segmentation.
• Experiment done with Eph receptor knockout mice revealed disorder in the distribution of different cell types.
• Eph receptors are present in high degrees during vasculogenesis ( angiogenesis ) and other early development of the circulatory system.
• However, there are a few exceptions to this intrasubclass binding specificity as it has recently been shown that Eph receptor B2.
• Several types of Ephrins and Eph receptors have been found to be upregulated in human cancers including breast, colon and liver cancers.
• Different class A Eph receptors have also been detected in the lining of the aorta, brachial arch arteries, umbilical vein, and endocardium.
• Third, Eph activity may alter cell matrix interactions via integrins by the sequestering of signaling molecules following Eph receptor activation, as well as providing potential adherence via ephrin ligand binding following metastasis.
• The extracellular domain of Eph receptors is composed of a highly PDZ-binding motif . allowing the intracellular tyrosine kinase to convert into its active form and subsequently activate or repress downstream signaling cascades.
• Various Eph receptors and ephrins are expressed in these regions, and, through functional analysis, it has been determined that Eph signaling is crucial for the proper development and maintenance of these segment boundaries.
• One unique property of the ephrin ligands is that many have the capacity to initiate a " reverse " signal that is separate and distinct from the intracellular signal activated in Eph receptor-expressing cells.
• For example, they were the first to show that the Eph receptor ligand ephrin-B1 controls skeletal morphogenesis and that defects in the human gene ( EFNB1 ) lead to Craniofrontonasal Syndrome ( CFNS ).
• The Eph receptors were initially identified in 1987 following a search for tyrosine kinases with possible roles in cancer, earning their name from the erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular carcinoma cell line from which their cDNA was obtained.
• "Reverse " signaling is one unique property of ephrin ligands that allows for the transmission of an intracellular signal in ephrin-expressing cells that is distinct from the signal transmitted in Eph receptor-expressing cells.
• Eph receptors and ephrin signaling have been shown to regulate adult neurogenesis in the hippocampus and have been studied as potential targets to treat some symptoms of APP, have also been found to impact adult neurogenesis in the hippocampus.
• Second, elevated Eph levels may disrupt cell-cell adhesion via cadherin, known to alter expression and localisation of Eph receptors and ephrins, which is known to further disrupt cellular adhesion, a key feature of metastatic cancers.
• The ephrins EPH receptor A2 and MMP-12 creating soluble uPAR which has chemotactic properties for leukocytes and progenitor cells, and the shedding of interleukin-6 receptors by ADAM10 and ADAM17 which facilitates interleukin-6 signaling in endothelial cells.
• In " C . elegans " a knockout of the " vab-1 " gene, known to encode an Eph receptor, and its Ephrin ligand " vab-2 " results in two cell migratory processes being affected.
• Reverse signaling between ephrin-B proteins and their Eph receptor tyrosine kinases have been found to initiate the retraction mechanism in the IPB . Ephrin-B3 is observed to transduce tyrosine phosphorylation-dependent reverse signals into hippocampal axons that trigger pruning of excessive IPB fibers.
• In the simplest type of mapping model, we could imagine a gradient of Eph receptor expression level in a field of neurons, such as the retina, with the anterior cells expressing very low levels and cells in the posterior expressing the highest levels of the receptor.
• When it was shown that almost all Eph receptors were expressed during various well-defined stages of development in assorted locations and concentrations, a role in cell positioning was proposed, initiating research that revealed the Eph / ephrin families as a principle cell guidance system during vertebrate and invertebrate development.